咱们说的高低压成套设备啊，简单来讲，就是把一堆高低压电气设备提前设计好，组装调试妥当后凑成的一个整体。在电力系统里，它可是常客，主要用来控制、保护电能，还负责把电能分配到各个地方。这设备对电力系统可太重要了，有了它，电力系统才能稳稳当当运行，供电也更可靠、更。从功能和使用场景来看，高低压成套设备分好多种类呢。像开关设备，断路器、负荷开关都在这一类；控制设备里有接触器、继电器；保护设备包含熔断器、过电压保护器；还有测量设备，比如电压表、电流表。这些设备就像一个团队，齐心协力让电力系统顺顺利利工作。那高低压成套设备的基础知识，哪些是得牢牢掌握的呢？别着急，下面文章都给大家整理好啦，建议大伙赶紧收藏起来慢慢看。1、开关柜为什么叫“成套”？

　　The high and low voltage complete set of equipment we are talking about, in simple terms, is a whole made up of a pile of high and low voltage electrical equipment designed in advance, assembled and debugged properly. In the power system, it is a frequent visitor, mainly used to control and protect electrical energy, and also responsible for distributing electrical energy to various places. This device is extremely important for the power system. With it, the power system can operate stably, and the power supply is more reliable and safe. From the perspective of functionality and usage scenarios, there are many types of high and low voltage complete sets of equipment. Switchgear, circuit breakers, and load switches are all in this category; There are contactors and relays in the control equipment; The protective equipment includes fuses and overvoltage protectors; There are also measuring devices, such as voltmeters and ammeters. These devices are like a team, working together to make the power system work smoothly. What are the key points to firmly grasp the basic knowledge of high and low voltage complete sets of equipment? Don't worry, the following articles have been organized for everyone. I suggest everyone save them and read them slowly. 1. Why is the switchgear called a "complete set"?

　　开关柜由进线、计量、PT、出线等组合而成。柜内装有一次、二次元件，在使用时必须配套，所以叫“成套”。2、我国电力电压有多少个级别，并说出分级的作用。答：分为500KV、220KV、110KV、35KV、10KV、380V、220V等级别。由于电压的高低与线损有关，电压越高、线损越低。因而，电网常采用高压输电，输送电的距离越远，其电压级别越高。3、为什么要放电（10KV级别）？用什么方法可以放电？答：在进行停电的时候，为了防止电容还有余电，伤及人员，所以必须卸电压。的卸电压的方法：打开柜门或屏板时，不可直接用手接触母线。先用10KV的试电笔检查是否有电，然后找一颗导线，一头接地、一头接在试电笔前端，用试电笔前端接触母线放电，完成后方可维修，保证人身。切记这一点。

　　The switchgear consists of incoming lines, metering PT、 Composed of combinations such as outgoing lines. The cabinet is equipped with primary and secondary components, which must be matched in use, so it is called "complete set". 2. How many levels of electricity voltage are there in our country, and what is the function of each level. Answer: It is divided into levels such as 500KV, 220KV, 110KV, 35KV, 10KV, 380V, 220V, etc. Due to the correlation between voltage and line loss, the higher the voltage, the lower the line loss. Therefore, the power grid often adopts high-voltage transmission, and the farther the distance of electricity transmission, the higher the voltage level. 3. Why discharge (10KV level)? What methods can be used for safe discharge? Answer: During a power outage, in order to prevent residual electricity in the capacitor from injuring personnel, the voltage must be unloaded. Safe method of voltage discharge: When opening the cabinet door or screen, do not directly touch the busbar with your hands. First, use a 10KV test pen to check if there is electricity, then find a wire with one end grounded and the other end connected to the front end of the test pen. Use the front end of the test pen to contact the busbar for discharge, and only after completion can maintenance be carried out to ensure personal safety. Remember this.

　　4、10kV试验电的电压应该是多少？国内、国际标准有什么区别？答：国内：柜体42kV，断口48kV；国际：36kV。

　　4. What is the voltage required for a 10kV test circuit? What is the difference between domestic and international standards? Answer: Domestic: Cabinet 42kV, fracture 48kV; International: 36kV.

　　5、 泄压通道的作用是什么？答：若万一柜体发生爆炸,将会产生一股强劲的气浪。这时如果柜顶有泄压通道，则气浪可由顶部排出,而不影响其他部分的正常工作；若无泄压通道，气浪就会向薄弱的地方冲开。6、 开关柜应装配那些主要一次元件？答：断路器、避雷器、零序互感器、电流互感器(CT)、电压互感器(PT)、高压熔断器等。

　　5. What is the function of the pressure relief channel? Answer: If the cabinet explodes, it will generate a strong gust of air. If there is a pressure relief channel on the top of the cabinet at this time, the air waves can be discharged from the top without affecting the normal operation of other parts; If there is no pressure relief channel, the air waves will rush towards the weakest point. 6. What are the main primary components that should be installed in the switchgear? Answer: Circuit breakers, lightning arresters, zero sequence transformers, current transformers (CT), voltage transformers (PT), high-voltage fuses, etc.

　　7、环网开关柜的作用是什么？靠什么保护变压器？答：作用是可带负荷分合闸，它靠高压熔断器来保护变压器。

　　7. What is the function of a ring network switchgear? What is the protection for transformers? Answer: Its function is to enable load opening and closing, and it relies on high-voltage fuses to protect the transformer.

　　8、空气绝缘距离的标准是多少？答：相间及相对地的空气距离，10KV要求125mm。

　　8. What is the national standard for air insulation distance? Answer: The air distance between phases and relative ground, 10KV requires 125mm.

　　9、什么叫绝缘件爬距？答：高压带电侧地的、沿绝缘件外表爬行的导通距离叫绝缘件爬距。10KV要求235mm。

　　9. What is the creepage distance of insulation components? Answer: The conductive distance from the high-voltage live side to the ground and crawling along the surface of the insulation is called the insulation crawling distance. 10KV requires 235mm.

　　10、用什么方法检查真空开关是否真空？答：用耐压试验检测。断口用48kV检测。11、隔离开关有什么作用，用于哪种柜类？答：隔离开关用于固定柜。不带负荷操作，提供明显断口，方便维修。

　　10. What method is used to check if the vacuum switch is vacuum? Answer: Use a voltage withstand test for testing. The fracture surface is tested with 48kV. 11. What is the function of an isolation switch and which type of cabinet is it used for? Answer: Isolation switches are used to fix cabinets. Operating without load, providing obvious fractures for easy maintenance.

　　12、高压熔断器作用是什么？答：作保护变压器用。注：PT属小型变压器类。

　　12. What is the function of a high-voltage fuse? Answer: Used for protecting transformers. Note: PT belongs to the category of small transformers.

　　13、带电显示器有什么作用？答：起指示作用，显示柜内是否有高压电。

　　13. What is the function of a live monitor? Answer: It serves as an indicator to show whether there is high voltage electricity inside the cabinet.

　　14、程序锁起什么作用？答：柜与柜操作顺序按规定程序连锁，起到防误操作的作用。

　　14. What is the function of program lock? Answer: The operation sequence of cabinets is interlocked according to the prescribed procedure, which plays a role in preventing misoperation.

　　15、接地开关起什么作用？答：接地开关安装在出线端，检修时可以防止倒供高压电，保证人身。16、活门的作用是什么？答：当手车拉离柜体时，防止人或金属接触到带高压电的静触头。

　　15. What is the function of the grounding switch? Answer: The grounding switch is installed at the output end, which can prevent the reverse supply of high voltage electricity during maintenance and ensure personal safety. 16. What is the function of the valve? Answer: When the handcart is pulled away from the cabinet, prevent people or metal from coming into contact with the high-voltage static contacts.

　　17、母线为什么要套胶？答：起到一个绝缘的作用，可减少空气绝缘距离，防止小动物入柜造成短路事故。

　　17. Why do busbars need to be glued? Answer: It plays an insulating role, reducing the distance of air insulation and preventing short circuit accidents caused by small animals entering the cabinet.

　　18、避雷器的作用是什么？为什么每组柜都少有一个避雷器？答：避雷器按电压等级设计，千万不能装错。有些还根据用途不同设计而设计不同。如：发电厂输出电的、有线路运行的、有电容的、有电站用的。避雷器主要是当线路中某地段产生过高电压时，可将其吸收以达到线路运行的目的。https://www.dgdqw.com如：进线柜有一套避雷器，可保护柜内线路；而外路电源在进柜时，已经装有避雷器，所以如果外路电源产生高电压，由于有避雷器作保护，入柜时就比较；出线柜下端带避雷器，主要是考虑真空断路器分合时会产生过电压现象，所以必须安装避雷器以代替过电压吸收器。19、说说电流互感器及零序互感器的作用。答：电流互感器起测量、计量、保护作用；零序互感器起保护作用。

　　18. What is the function of lightning arrester? Why does each cabinet have at least one lightning arrester? Answer: Lightning arresters are designed according to voltage levels and must not be installed incorrectly. Some designs also vary depending on their intended use. For example, power plants that output electricity, those that operate on power lines, those that have capacitors, and those that are used in power stations. Lightning arrester is mainly used to absorb high voltage generated in a certain section of the line to achieve safe operation of the line. https://www.dgdqw.com For example, the incoming cabinet has a set of lightning arresters that can protect the safety of the circuits inside the cabinet; When the external power supply enters the cabinet, a lightning arrester is already installed. Therefore, if the external power supply generates high voltage, it is safer to enter the cabinet due to the protection of the lightning arrester; The lower end of the outgoing cabinet is equipped with a lightning arrester, mainly considering the overvoltage phenomenon that may occur when the vacuum circuit breaker is opened and closed. Therefore, a lightning arrester must be installed to replace the overvoltage absorber. 19. Explain the functions of current transformers and zero sequence transformers. Answer: Current transformers serve the functions of measurement, metering, and protection; Zero sequence transformers provide protection.

　　20、电流互感器可以返转装配吗？为什么？答：正常流向L1→L2，如果由L2→L1 ，则二次线设计需作修改。21、湿控器起什么作用？答：通过感应探头探测出湿度，如超过正常湿度，通过发热板发热进行调节。有两种操作方式：自动和手动。

　　20. Can current transformers be retrofitted for assembly? Why? Answer: The normal flow direction is L1 → L2. If L2 → L1, the secondary line design needs to be modified. 21. What is the function of the humidity controller? Answer: The humidity is detected through an induction probe. If it exceeds the normal humidity, it is adjusted by heating with a heating plate. There are two operation modes: automatic and manual.

　　22、一次方案图起什么作用？答：代表主回路线路上所装配的原件及走向

　　22. What is the function of a plan diagram? Answer: Represents the components and routing assembled on the main circuit line

　　23、PT与CT叫法代表什么？答：PT—电压互感器，CT—电流互感器

　　What do the names PT and CT represent? Answer: PT - Voltage Transformer, CT - Current Transformer

　　24、AC与DC叫法代表什么？答：AC—交流电，DC—直流电

　　What do the names AC and DC represent? Answer: AC - alternating current, DC - direct current

　　25、真空断路器起什么作用？答：能带负荷分合闸，靠真空灭弧室（真空泡）灭弧。26、断路器的分类：答：（1）真空断路器：利用真空（真空度为100000汞柱以下）作为灭弧介质和主绝缘介质。灭弧的动静触头均密封在真空灭弧室内。主要有10VK、35KV电压等级。（2）六氟化硫断路器：问世较晚。七十年代初才被广泛应用，目前已是电力系统的设备，以SF6气体作为灭弧介质。切断能力比一般断路器高10倍左右。电弧电压低。燃弧时间短触头烧坏少，能频繁操作。缺点SF6较贵。需要回收装置，结构较复杂。我国已制造出勤率220KV以SF6为主体的全封闭式组合电器。把断路器，隔离开关。互感器，避雷器。母线等变电站的主要设备全部装在交有SF6气体的密封容器中大大减小了变电站占地空间。是超高压电器发展主要方向。国外已广泛应用。（3）断路器：以压缩空气为灭弧介质。在超高压方面目前是主要产器。我国产380KV。国外已产765KV。（4）自产所断路器：利用固定介质受电弧作用分解成气体进行吹弧使电弧熄灭。电压低断流小。适用于农业用电子统。（5）磁吹断路器：利用磁场将电弧吹入灭弧栅中。27、电力变压器答：变压器是一种变换电压（电流）的电气设备。它不能变换功率。基本结构：主要由一个闭合铁芯和绕在铁芯上两个匝数不同并互相绝缘的线圈（即绕组）组成，为了减小涡流及磁滞损失，铁芯是用涂有绝缘漆，厚度为0.35-0.5mm导磁性能很好的硅钢片叠成，它组成变压器中的闭合磁路一次线圈称厚线圈式原边，二次线圈称付线圈式付边，用三分单相变压器连接成的三相变压器组，就是三相变压器。28、电流互感器答：基本结构和普通电压器一样，也是由一次绕组、铁芯和二次绕组组成，使用时，一次侧与被测电路负荷串联，二次侧串接5A的电流表和保护电路，一次侧用粗导线，其匝数只有一匝或几匝，二次侧导线很细，匝数很多。根据变压器运行原理：电流互感器一次侧与二次侧电流之比应与一二次侧匝数之比成反比：IN1/IN2=N2/N1，(IIN1、IN2分别为一次侧、二次侧电流，N1、N2分别为一次侧、二次侧线圈匝数)。

　　What is the function of a vacuum circuit breaker? Answer: It can open and close with load and extinguish the arc through a vacuum arc extinguishing chamber (vacuum bubble). 26. Classification of circuit breakers: Answer: (1) Vacuum circuit breaker: uses vacuum (vacuum degree below 100000 mercury) as the arc extinguishing medium and main insulation medium. The dynamic and static contacts for arc extinguishing are sealed inside the vacuum arc extinguishing chamber. There are mainly voltage levels of 10VK and 35KV. (2) Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker: came out relatively late. It was not widely used until the early 1970s and is now an advanced equipment in the power system, using SF6 gas as the arc extinguishing medium. The cutting ability is about 10 times higher than that of a typical circuit breaker. The arc voltage is low. Short arc time, less contact burnout, and frequent operation. Disadvantages: SF6 is relatively expensive. We need a recycling device with a complex structure. China has manufactured fully enclosed composite electrical appliances with SF6 as the main component, with an attendance rate of 220KV. Turn on the circuit breaker and isolation switch. Transformer, lightning arrester. The main equipment of the busbar and other substations are all installed in sealed containers with SF6 gas, greatly reducing the footprint of the substation. It is the main direction of development for ultra-high voltage electrical appliances. It has been widely used abroad. (3) Circuit breaker: using compressed air as the arc extinguishing medium. Currently, it is the main producer in the field of ultra-high voltage. Our country produces 380KV. 765KV has been produced abroad. (4) self-produced circuit breakers: use a fixed medium to decompose into gas under the action of an arc and blow the arc to extinguish the arc. Low voltage leads to small interruption. Suitable for agricultural electronic systems. (5) Magnetic blow circuit breaker: uses a magnetic field to blow an arc into the arc extinguishing grid. 27. Power Transformer Answer: A transformer is an electrical device that converts voltage (current). It cannot change power. Basic structure: It mainly consists of a closed iron core and two coils (i.e. windings) with different turns wound on the iron core and insulated from each other. In order to reduce eddy current and hysteresis losses, the iron core is made of silicon steel sheets coated with insulating paint and with a thickness of 0.35-0.5mm and good magnetic conductivity. It forms the closed magnetic circuit of the transformer. The primary coil is called the thick coil type primary side, and the secondary coil is called the auxiliary coil type auxiliary side. The three-phase transformer group is composed of three single-phase transformers connected together, which is the three-phase transformer. 28. Current Transformer Answer: The basic structure is the same as that of a regular voltage transformer, consisting of a primary winding, an iron core, and a secondary winding. When in use, the primary side is connected in series with the load of the tested circuit, and the secondary side is connected in series with a 5A ammeter and protection circuit. The primary side uses a thick wire with only one or a few turns, while the secondary side wire is very thin with many turns. According to the operating principle of transformers, the ratio of the current on the primary and secondary sides of a current transformer should be inversely proportional to the ratio of the number of turns on the primary and secondary sides: IN1/IN2=N2/N1, where IIN1 and IN2 represent the currents on the primary and secondary sides, and N1 and N2 represent the number of turns on the primary and secondary coils, respectively.

　　29、电压互感器答：基本结构：是扩大电压量程的特殊变压器，基本结构和普通变压器相同。故电压互感器一二次侧的电压比U1/U2=N1/N2（N1、N2分别为一二次侧线圈匝数）。

　　29. Voltage Transformer Answer: Basic Structure: It is a special transformer that expands the voltage range, and its basic structure is the same as that of a regular transformer. Therefore, the voltage ratio of the primary and secondary sides of the voltage transformer is U1/U2=N1/N2 (N1 and N2 are the turns of the primary and secondary coils, respectively).

　　30、高压绝缘子答：高压绝缘子作用：用来支持和固定母线与带电导体，并使带电导体间或导体与大地之间，有足够的距离和绝缘；绝缘子绝缘是靠表面形状来获得。不同电压等级的绝缘子。除具有不同的有效高度外。其表面情况也不一样。其表面做成高低凹凸的裙边，以增加其表面长度。

　　30. High voltage insulator Answer: The function of high voltage insulators is to support and fix busbars and live conductors, and to provide sufficient distance and insulation between live conductors or between conductors and the ground; Insulation of insulators is obtained by surface shape. Insulators of different voltage levels. Except for having different effective heights. Its surface condition is also different. Its surface is made into a high-low concave convex skirt edge to increase its surface length.

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