电气成套设备的接地是保障系统运行、防止人身触电及设备损坏的关键措施。其规范体系涵盖材料选择、安装工艺、电阻要求及维护管理等多个环节，需严格遵循标准及行业规范。
The grounding of electrical equipment is a key measure to ensure the safe operation of the system, prevent personal electric shock and equipment damage. Its regulatory system covers multiple aspects such as material selection, installation process, resistance requirements, and maintenance management, and must strictly comply with national standards and industry norms.
一、必须接地的设备与范围
1、 Equipment and scope that must be grounded
根据GB 50169-2016《电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范》，以下设备必须可靠接地：
According to GB 50169-2016 "Code for Construction and Acceptance of Grounding Devices in Electrical Equipment Installation Engineering", the following equipment must be reliably grounded:
金属外壳与框架：包括变压器、电机、配电柜、控制屏等设备的金属底座、外壳及传动装置。
Metal casing and frame: including metal bases, casings, and transmission devices for equipment such as transformers, motors, distribution cabinets, and control panels.
移动式设备：携带式或移动式用电器的金属底座和外壳，如手持电动工具、移动式发电机。
Mobile devices: metal bases and casings for portable or mobile electrical appliances, such as handheld power tools and mobile generators.
电气装置构件：互感器二次绕组、电缆金属外皮、金属支架及靠近带电体的金属遮栏。
Electrical device components: secondary winding of transformer, metal sheath of cable, metal bracket, and metal fence near live parts.
特殊场景设备：储存易燃易爆液体的储罐、电弧炉外壳、高压试验设备等。
Special scenario equipment: storage tanks for flammable and explosive liquids, electric arc furnace casings, high-voltage testing equipment, etc.
例外情况：在木质或沥青地面的干燥房间内，若交流电压低于380V且直流电压低于400V，设备外壳可不接地。
Exception: In a dry room with wooden or asphalt flooring, if the AC voltage is below 380V and the DC voltage is below 400V, the equipment casing may not be grounded.
二、接地材料与连接规范
2、 Grounding materials and connection specifications
材料选择：
Material selection:
接地体：优先采用镀锌钢管（直径≥50mm，壁厚≥3.5mm）或角钢（50mm×50mm×5mm），埋深0.5-0.8m以避开冻土层。
Grounding body: Galvanized steel pipes (diameter ≥ 50mm, wall thickness ≥ 3.5mm) or angle steels (50mm × 50mm × 5mm) should be preferred, with a burial depth of 0.5-0.8m to avoid frozen soil layers.
接地线：使用截面积≥25mm?的多股软铜线，配备透明护套以识别损伤。
Grounding wire: Use multi strand soft copper wire with a cross-sectional area of ≥ 25mm ?, equipped with a transparent sheath to identify damage.
连接工艺：
Connection process:
禁止缠绕接地，需通过专用线夹或化学熔焊固定，确保接触电阻≤0.1Ω。
It is prohibited to wrap the grounding, and it must be fixed with a dedicated wire clamp or chemical welding to ensure a contact resistance of ≤ 0.1 Ω.
铜质端子与设备外壳采用放热熔焊，避免电化学腐蚀。
Copper terminals and equipment casings are welded using exothermic welding to avoid electrochemical corrosion.
扁钢搭接长度≥宽度的2倍（少3个棱边焊接），圆钢搭接长度≥直径的6倍。
Flat steel lap length ≥ 2 times the width (at least 3 edges welded), round steel lap length ≥ 6 times the diameter.
三、接地电阻要求
3、 Grounding resistance requirements
不同设备对接地电阻的限值差异显著：
There are significant differences in the limit values of grounding resistance among different devices
防雷接地：独立避雷针≤10Ω，共用接地体≤1Ω。
Lightning protection grounding: Independent lightning rod ≤ 10 Ω, shared grounding body ≤ 1 Ω.
保护：低压设备≤4Ω，高压设备≤0.5Ω（大接地电流系统）。
Safety protection: Low voltage equipment ≤ 4 Ω, high voltage equipment ≤ 0.5 Ω (high grounding current system).
防静电：电子设备≤100Ω，油气储罐≤30Ω。
Anti static: Electronic devices ≤ 100 Ω, oil and gas storage tanks ≤ 30 Ω.
特殊场景：电弧炉外壳≤4Ω，独立避雷针≤10Ω。
Special scenario: Electric arc furnace shell ≤ 4 Ω, independent lightning rod ≤ 10 Ω.
四、特殊环境适配要求
4、 Special environmental adaptation requirements
腐蚀性环境：采用镀锌钢材或不锈钢接地体，土壤电阻率过高时掺入木炭、降阻剂。
Corrosive environment: Galvanized steel or stainless steel grounding bodies are used, and charcoal and resistance reducing agents are added when the soil resistivity is too high.
爆炸危险场所：设备外壳与接地干线直接连接，禁止串接。
Explosive hazardous areas: The equipment casing should be directly connected to the grounding main line, and serial connection is prohibited.
屋顶设备：金属外壳仅与避雷带相连，不得与PE线混接，防止雷电流反灌。
Roof equipment: The metal shell is only connected to the lightning protection strip and must not be mixed with the PE line to prevent lightning current backflow.
五、检测与维护周期
5、 Testing and maintenance cycle
电阻测试：工作接地每半年一次，保护接地每年一次，使用ZC-8仪表或电流-电压法。
Resistance test: The working grounding should be conducted every six months, and the protective grounding should be conducted once a year, using ZC-8 instruments or current voltage method.
连接点检查：每半年紧固螺栓，焊接点防腐处理，移动设备接地线检查。
Connection point inspection: tighten bolts every six months, perform anti-corrosion treatment on welding points, and focus on inspecting the grounding wires of mobile devices.
腐蚀处理：接地体埋设后每3年开挖检查，锈蚀截面超30%时更换。
Corrosion treatment: After the grounding body is buried, it should be excavated and inspected every 3 years. If the corroded section exceeds 30%, it should be replaced.
六、常见问题与解决方案
6、 Common Problems and Solutions
接地失效：铝线连接处氧化导致接触不良，需改用铜铝过渡端子。
Grounding failure: Oxidation at the aluminum wire connection leads to poor contact, and copper aluminum transition terminals need to be used instead.
漏接风险：设备维修后易漏接接地线，需在接线图强制标注接地点。
Risk of missed connection: After equipment maintenance, it is easy to miss the grounding wire, and the grounding point needs to be forcibly marked on the wiring diagram.
跨步电压：高土壤电阻率区域需增设均压带，接地网外缘闭合处理。
Step voltage: In areas with high soil resistivity, a voltage equalization strip should be added and the outer edge of the grounding grid should be closed.
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